Abstract Introduction: persistent dysphagia affects 15 % of stroke patients and contributes to malnutrition, aspiration, and death. This study aimed to characterize patients with post-stroke dysphagia who underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), and to assess the impact of PEG feeding on nutritional status and outcome. Methods: an observational and retrospective study using records from patients with post-stroke dysphagia who underwent PEG. Body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, transferrin, and cholesterol were recorded at the time of PEG insertion (T0) and 3 months later (T3). The evolution of these parameters was analyzed and compared to survival. Results: we obtained data from 158 patients (53.2 % males) with a median age of 75 years. Most strokes were ischemic (n = 135, 85.4 %). Median time between stroke and PEG was 2 months. Median survival after gastrostomy was 16 months. At admission, 41.6 % of patients had low BMI, 62.3 % low albumin, 68.6 % low transferrin, and 59.6 % low cholesterol levels. The prevalence of low albumin and low transferrin was higher in the patients who underwent PEG more than 2 months after stroke. A significant increase in albumin and transferrin, and a normalization of cholesterol levels was observed after 3 months of PEG feeding. Mortality was 12.9 %, 27.7 %, and 40 % at 1, 3, and 12 months, respectively. Survival was lower in patients with low albumin, transferrin or total cholesterol at admission. Conclusions: the prevalence of malnutrition is high among patients with post-stroke dysphagia. PEG feeding improves albumin, transferrin, and cholesterol levels. Early post-PEG mortality is high and must be considered on an individual basis.

Resumen Introducción: la disfagia persistente afecta al 15 % de los pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular (AVC) y contribuye a producir desnutrición, aspiración y muerte. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar a los pacientes con disfagia post-AVC sometidos a gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (PEG) y evaluar el impacto de la alimentación con PEG sobre el estado nutricional. Métodos: estudio observacional y retrospectivo que utiliza registros de pacientes con disfagia post-AVC sometidos a PEG. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) y los niveles de albúmina, transferrina y colesterol séricos se registraron en el momento de la inserción de la PEG (T0) y 3 meses después (T3). La evolución de estos parámetros se analizó y comparó con la supervivencia. Resultados: se obtuvieron datos de 158 pacientes (53,2 % hombres) con una edad media de 75 años. La mayoría de los AVC fueron isquémicos (n = 135, 85,4 %). El tiempo medio entre el AVC y la PEG fue de 2 meses. La supervivencia media después de la gastrostomía fue de 16 meses. Al ingreso, el 41,6 % de los pacientes presentaba un IMC bajo, el 62,3 % un nivel bajo de albúmina, el 68,6 % un nivel bajo de transferrina y el 59,6 % un nivel bajo de colesterol. La prevalencia de los niveles bajos de albúmina y de transferrina fue mayor en los pacientes que se sometieron a la PEG más de 2 meses después del AVC. Se observó un aumento significativo de la albúmina y la transferrina, y una normalización de los niveles de colesterol, después de 3 meses de alimentación con PEG. La mortalidad fue del 12,9 %, 27,7 % y 40 % a 1, 3 y 12 meses, respectivamente. La supervivencia fue menor en los pacientes con nivel bajo de albúmina, transferrina o colesterol total al ingreso. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de la malnutrición es alta entre los pacientes con disfagia post-AVC. La alimentación con PEG mejora los niveles de albúmina, transferrina y colesterol. La mortalidad temprana post-PEG es alta y debe considerarse de forma individual.

Introdução: As próteses metálicas autoexpansíveis (PMAE) têm sido utilizadas para a paliação de obstruções malignas do trato gastrointestinal. No entanto, a reestenose ou a expansão incompleta das próteses é uma complicação frequente e a eficácia de uma reintervenção com a colocação de uma segunda prótese é ainda controversa. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados clínicos da colocação de PMAE cobertas (cPMAE) após disfunção de PMAE não-cobertas (ncPMAE) pela técnica de stent-in-stent. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo, incluindo uma série consecutiva de doentes que colocaram cPMAE após disfunção ncPMAE para paliação de obstrução gastrointestinal maligna, num centro terciário, de janeiro/2013 a agosto/2018. Foram avaliados o sucesso técnico e clínico, o tempo de patência e os eventos adversos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 12 doentes, com uma idade média de 60 ± 9 anos. Onze doentes apresentavam obstrução do trato de saída gástrico e um doente compressão extrínseca do cólon transverso por neoplasia gástrica. Em 5 doentes verificou-se ausência de sucesso clínico precoce com ncPMAE e, em 7 casos, disfunção da prótese (tempo mediano de patência de 81 dias). Houve 100% de sucesso técnico e 91,7% de sucesso clínico após a colocação do cPMAE. Não se registaram eventos adversos ou necessidade de reintervenção. O tempo médio de patência após a colocação de ambas as próteses foi de 163 dias (vs. 71 com prótese inicial). Conclusão: A colocação de cPMAE após disfunção de ncPMAE é tecnicamente viável e representa um tratamento eficaz em doentes com obstrução gastrointestinal maligna recorrente, com boa patência da prótese a médio/longo prazo. Esta abordagem parece ser segura, sem aumento de eventos adversos.

Background: Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) have been used for the palliative treatment of malignant gastrointestinal tract obstruction. However, restenosis or incomplete expansion of a first stent is a frequent complication, and the effectiveness of reintervention with placement of a second stent is still controversial. Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of covered SEMS (cSEMS) placement after dysfunction of uncovered SEMS (uSEMS) by the stent-in-stent technique. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively studied a consecutive series of patients receiving palliative treatment for malignant gastrointestinal obstruction with cSEMS placement after uSEMS dysfunction in a tertiary center from January 2013 to August 2018. Technical and clinical success, time of patency, and adverse events were analyzed. Results: Twelve patients were included; their mean age was 60 ± 9 years. Eleven patients had gastric outlet obstruction, and 1 patient had compression of the transverse colon due to gastric neoplasia. In 5 cases, there was absence of early clinical success with uSEMS and stent dysfunction in 7 cases (median patency time: 81 days). There was 100% technical success and 91.7% clinical success after cSEMS placement. There were no adverse events nor need for reintervention. The median patency time after placement of both stents was 163 days (vs. 71 days with the initial stent). Conclusion: cSEMS placement after uSEMS dysfunction is technically feasible and a clinically effective treatment for patients with recurrent malignant gastrointestinal obstruction, with good stent patency in the medium/long term. This approach seems to be safe and without increase in adverse effects.

Introdução: A glicogenose hepática (GH) é uma complicação da diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) mal controlada, caracterizada pela acumulação de glicogénio nos hepatócitos. A síndrome de Mauriac (SM) é uma hepatopatia glicogénica, descrita inicialmente em 1930, caracterizada por atraso de crescimento, puberdade tardia, fácies cushingoide, hepatomegalia, elevação das enzimas hepáticas e hipercolesterolemia. A GH é uma condição com bom prognóstico e com rápida resolução após controlo adequado da glicémia (apesar de ter potencial para recidiva), não havendo descrito nenhum caso de evolução para end-stage liver disease. Caso: Descrevemos o caso de uma mulher de 26 anos, com DM1 complicada por retinopatia grave. A doente manteve inadequado controlo glicémico desde a infância, apresentando hemoglobina glicada persistentemente superior a 10% e episódios recorrentes de cetoacidose. Na adolescência, desenvolveu hepatomegalia, elevação flutuante das aminotransferases e triglicéridos. A biópsia hepática sugeriu esteatose macrovacuolar e fibrose ligeira. Após 15 anos de evolução da diabetes, a doente foi encaminhada para consulta de gastrenterologia por diarreia crónica e hepatomegalia exuberante. Laboratorialmente verificou-se elevação persistente das aminotransferases e dos triglicéridos. A bilirrubina, o metabolismo do ferro e a coagulação eram normais; as serologias virais e o estudo auto-imune foram negativos. A endoscopia digestiva alta, ileocolonoscopia e enteroscopia não apresentavam alterações. A ressonância magnética abdominal mostrou hepatomegalia maciça. A biópsia hepática foi repetida, mostrando glicogenização nuclear acentuada, esteatose leve e ausência de fibrose; a microscopia eletrônica revelou depósitos volumosos de glicogênio e mitocôndrias pleomórficas com uma matriz extraordinariamente densa, descrita pela primeira vez nesta entidade. Foi assumido o diagnóstico de glicogenose hepática no contexto de SM e diarreia devido a neuropatia autonómica. Conclusão: Atualmente, a GH é uma entidade bem reconhecida que pode ocorrer em qualquer idade e pode estar presente sem o espectro completo das características descritas inicialmente para a SM. Na era da insulinoterapia, esta patologia representa uma complicação rara, causada pela baixa adesão à terapêutica.

Background: Hepatic glycogenosis (HG) is a complication of poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), characterized by glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes. Mauriac syndrome (MS) is a glycogenic hepatopathy, initially described in 1930, characterized by growth failure, delayed puberty, cushingoid appearance, hepatomegaly with abnormal liver enzymes, and hypercholesterolemia. HG is a condition with good prognosis and fast resolution after adequate glycemic control (although it has potential for relapse), with no case of evolution to end-stage liver disease described. Case: We describe a 26-year-old female, with T1DM complicated by severe retinopathy. The patient maintained poor glycemic control since childhood, presenting glycated hemoglobin persistently higher than 10% and recurrent episodes of ketoacidosis. In adolescence, she developed hepatomegaly and fluctuating elevation of aminotransferases and triglycerides. A small, nonrepresentative hepatic biopsy suggested macrovacuolar steatosis and mild fibrosis. After 15 years of diabetes, the patient was referred for gastroenterology clinic due to chronic diarrhea and exuberant hepatomegaly. Laboratory showed persistent elevation of aminotransferases and triglycerides. Bilirubin, iron metabolism, and coagulation were normal; viral serologies and autoimmune study were negative. Upper endoscopy, ileocolonoscopy, and enteroscopy presented no lesions. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging displayed massive hepatomegaly. Liver biopsy was repeated showing marked nuclear glycogenization, mild steatosis, and no fibrosis; electron microscopy revealed very large deposits of glycogen and pleomorphic mitochondria with an unusually dense matrix, described for the first time in this entity. The diagnosis of MS variant and diarrhea due to autonomic neuropathy were assumed. Conclusion: Currently, HG is a well-recognized disease that occurs at any age and can be present without the full spectrum of features initially described for MS. In the era of insulin therapy, this entity represents a rare complication, caused by low therapeutic compliance.

ABSTRACT Background and aims: bowel preparation for colonoscopy induces a semi-fasting state, with a potential negative impact on fragile patients. The present study aims to quantify nutritional deficiency during colonoscopy preparation. Methods: this was an observational and cross-sectional study. A convenience sample was obtained that included adults that underwent colonoscopy after bowel preparation with Klean-Prep(r) according to the center protocol. Anthropometric evaluation was performed and nutritional deficiency was calculated via the quantification of energy and protein intake during the 48 hours prior to the examination which was compared with the individuals' needs. The association between nutritional deficiency with the quality of bowel preparation, age and status (hospitalized/ambulatory) was evaluated. Results: the study included 131 patients aged 21-91 years (mean 63.6 ± 13.2 years); 73 cases were male. Malnutrition reached 67.2% using specific anthropometric tools. A median preparation quality of six points was found when the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale was considered. The mean intake 48 hours prior to the procedure was 1,795 kcal and 100 g of protein. A daily energy intake of less than 50% of the individual needs was observed in 88 patients and less than 25% in 29 cases. The mean energy and protein deficiency were 59% (p < 0.01) and 45% (p < 0.01), and there was no correlation with preparation quality (p > 0.05). Nutritional deficiency is similar in hospitalized and ambulatory patients (p > 0.05), but higher in older individuals (p = 0.04). Conclusions: nutritional deficiency during colonoscopy preparation was significant, more so in older patients, and there was no correlation with the quality of bowel preparation. We conclude that bowel preparation regimens should be reformulated with an improved nutritional intake and the inclusion of nutritional supplements without residues.

A Doença celíaca (DC) é uma enteropatia crónica imunomediada precipitada pela ingestão de glúten, afetando indivíduos de todas as faixas etárias. O diagnóstico de DC está a emergir, com os doentes a apresentarem-se frequentemente com manifestações extraintestinais não clássicas. Os autores descrevem o caso de um homem de 53 anos com sintomas neuromusculares, rash cutâneo, diarreia crónica não valorizada, marcada perda ponderal e evidência bioquímica e laboratorial de má absorção. O elevado nível de suspeição clínica conduziu ao diagnóstico de DC com recuperação clínica total após instituição de dieta sem glúten. A apresentação clínica da DC na idade adulta com sintomas atípicos é a regra e não a exceção. A maioria das manifestações extraintestinais está dependente de fenómenos de autoimunidade e má absorção de micronutrientes. A dieta sem glúten permite reestabelecer a homeostasia e prevenir complicações a longo prazo.

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy driven by gluten and affecting individuals of all ages. The diagnosis of CD in adulthood is emerging and patients often present with nonclassical extraintestinal manifestations. We report the case of a 53-year-old man presenting with neuromuscular symptoms, skin rash, inconspicuous chronic diarrhea, marked weight loss, and biochemical markers of malabsorption. A strong clinical suspicion led to the diagnosis of CD with clinical recovery after the initiation of a gluten-free diet. Clinical presentation with atypical symptoms in adult CD patients is the rule and not the exception. Most of the extraintestinal manifestations depend on background autoimmune phenomena and micronutrient malabsorption. A gluten-free diet re-establishes homeostasis and prevents long-term complications.

Background and aims: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a frequent syndrome associated with high mortality. The aims of the present study are: a) comparing the Chronic Liver Failure Consortium (CLIF-C) ACLF Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), MELD Sodium (MELD-Na) and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) scores for prediction of short/medium term mortality; b) identifying ACLF prevalence in patients admitted to the ward; and c) comparing mortality between non-ACLF/ACLF. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 177 patients admitted to the Gastroenterology ward for acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Results: We included 132 males. Alcohol was the cirrhosis cause/co-factor in 79.7% of cases. Infection was present in 40.7%. At admission, 19.8% of patients presented ACLF and 7.9% developed it during hospitalization (overall prevalence was 27.7%). ACLF grade 1 was diagnosed in 55.1% of the ACLF patients; grade 2, in 42.8%, and grade 3, in 2.0%. Infection (p < 0.001) and hepatic encephalopathy (p = 0.004) were more prevalent and C-reactive protein and leukocyte counts were higher in ACLF patients. ACLF 28 and 90-day mortality was 45.8% and 60.4%, respectively. The CLIF-C ACLF score was significantly superior to CTP, MELD, MELD-Na in predicting 28-day (AUROC 0.799 ± 0.078, 95% CI 0.637-0.891) and 90-day mortality (AUROC 0.828 ± 0.063, 95% CI 0.705-0.952). Conclusion: ACLF is highly prevalent in the ward. The new CLIF scores identify high mortality cirrhotic patients admitted to the ward and are better than their predecessors to predict ACLF patients' short/medium term mortality.

Abstract Background: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a safe procedure and major morbidity is unusual. However, the number of PEG fed patients is increasing all over the world and complications may become more and more frequent. Case report: We describe a 73 years old woman with persistent vomit after replacement of the standard PEG tube with a Foley catheter. An upper GI endoscopy showed the catheter pulled into the duodenum causing gastric outlet obstruction. It was removed and replaced by a suitable standard PEG tube, allowing PEG feeding to be resumed. Discussion: Previous reports pointed the risk of this complication, almost always associated with insertion of a Foley-type catheter. Replacement of PEG tubes should be performed by experienced teams using standard PEG tubes and the use of Foley-type catheters for this purpose should be banned from routine practice.

Resumen Introducción: la gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (PEG) es un procedimiento seguro con una morbilidad poco común. Sin embargo, el número de pacientes alimentados por PEG está aumentando en todo el mundo y las complicaciones pueden llegar a ser cada vez más frecuentes. Caso clínico: se describe el caso de una mujer de 73 años que se presentó con vómitos persistentes después de la sustitución de la sonda PEG estándar por una sonda de tipo Foley. La endoscopia digestiva mostró el catéter situado en el duodeno causando obstrucción de la salida gástrica. La sonda Foley fue retirada y sustituida por una sonda PEG estándar adecuada, lo que permitió el reinicio de la alimentación por PEG. Discusión: descripciones anteriores en la literatura señalaron el riesgo de esta complicación, casi siempre asociada a la inserción de un catéter de tipo Foley. La sustitución de sondas PEG debe ser realizada por equipos experimentados; el uso de catéteres de tipo Foley para este fin debe ser evitado en la práctica clínica habitual.